What process occurs when a single cell splits to form two new cells?

The process of a single cell splitting to form two new cells is known as cell division. This is a fundamental biological process that allows for growth, reproduction, and repair in living organisms. During cell division, the original cell, often referred to as the parent cell, undergoes a series of steps to ensure that each new cell, known as daughter cells, receives an identical set of genetic material, ensuring continuity and proper function.

Cell division can occur through different methods, primarily mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, whereas meiosis leads to four genetically distinct cells, typically seen in the production of gametes for sexual reproduction. This process is essential for life's continuity, enabling organisms to develop from a single fertilized egg to a complex structure made up of billions of cells.

Other processes like cell specialization, cell differentiation, and cell communication serve different roles in biology. Cell specialization refers to the process where generic cells develop into specific types of cells with distinct functions. Cell differentiation is the broader concept of a cell becoming more specialized. Cell communication is essential for cells to interact and coordinate their activities, but it does not involve the splitting of cells. Hence, the correct answer is cell division, as it directly describes the action of